diff --git a/src/quant_engine/kis_api_client_v1.py b/src/quant_engine/kis_api_client_v1.py
index 898b419..c8cb68e 100644
--- a/src/quant_engine/kis_api_client_v1.py
+++ b/src/quant_engine/kis_api_client_v1.py
@@ -168,13 +168,16 @@ def _issue_or_reuse_token(creds: KisCredentials) -> str:
 
         # 2. 토큰이 만료되었거나 없을 시 KIS API로 새로 발급 요청
         requests = _requests()
-        resp = requests.post(
-            f"{creds.domain}/oauth2/tokenP",
-            json={"grant_type": "client_credentials", "appkey": creds.app_key, "appsecret": creds.app_secret},
-            timeout=15,
-        )
-        resp.raise_for_status()
-        body = resp.json()
+        try:
+            resp = requests.post(
+                f"{creds.domain}/oauth2/tokenP",
+                json={"grant_type": "client_credentials", "appkey": creds.app_key, "appsecret": creds.app_secret},
+                timeout=15,
+            )
+            resp.raise_for_status()
+            body = resp.json()
+        except Exception as exc:
+            raise RuntimeError("KIS token refresh failed; check credentials and API availability.") from exc
         access_token = body["access_token"]
         expires_in_sec = int(body.get("expires_in", 86400))
         expires_at = dt.datetime.now(dt.timezone.utc) + dt.timedelta(seconds=expires_in_sec)
@@ -209,9 +212,12 @@ def _send_request(creds: KisCredentials, path: str, tr_id: str, params: dict[str
         "custtype": "P",
     }
     requests = _requests()
-    resp = requests.get(f"{creds.domain}{path}", headers=headers, params=params, timeout=15)
-    resp.raise_for_status()
-    return resp.json()
+    try:
+        resp = requests.get(f"{creds.domain}{path}", headers=headers, params=params, timeout=15)
+        resp.raise_for_status()
+        return resp.json()
+    except Exception as exc:
+        raise RuntimeError(f"KIS read-only request failed for {path} / {tr_id}.") from exc
 
 
 # ── 조회(read-only) 함수 — 전부 GET, 전부 quotations/ranking 카테고리 (실측 확인) ──────────
diff --git a/src/quant_engine/kis_data_collection.db b/src/quant_engine/kis_data_collection.db
index e141d3d..76ba7a0 100644
Binary files a/src/quant_engine/kis_data_collection.db and b/src/quant_engine/kis_data_collection.db differ
diff --git a/src/quant_engine/kis_data_collection_v1.py b/src/quant_engine/kis_data_collection_v1.py
index 1a45d5b..8347c2e 100644
--- a/src/quant_engine/kis_data_collection_v1.py
+++ b/src/quant_engine/kis_data_collection_v1.py
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 """KIS-first data collector for the CI scheduler.
 
-The collector uses the existing `GatherTradingData.json` snapshot as the seed
-universe, then enriches Korean tickers with read-only KIS quotations and
-orderbook data, while retaining Naver/Yahoo fallbacks when available.
-The canonical persistence target is SQLite.
+The collector treats SQLite as the canonical persistence layer.
+`GatherTradingData.json` is emitted only after the DB-backed collection run
+finishes, so the JSON acts as a derived reporting artifact rather than the
+source of truth.
 """
 from __future__ import annotations